The Lucky Dragon and the Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test

On March 1, 1954, the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) set off a thermonuclear bomb on the Bikini Atoll, part of the Marshall Islands in the equatorial Pacific. The test, called Castle Bravo, was the first of a hydrogen bomb and proved the largest nuclear explosion ever initiated by the United States. In fact, it was much more powerful than American nuclear scientists had predicted. They expected a four- to six-megaton explosion, but it had an actual yield equivalent to more than 15 megatons of TNT. As a result, the effects were much more widespread than predicted. Castle Bravo blew an enormous crater into the Bikini Atoll, still clearly visible in the northwest corner of the atoll on satellite images. It also sprayed radioactive contamination across an enormous area of the Marshall Islands and the Pacific Ocean downwind from the detonation site, as the  fallout map indicated. The AEC had created an exclusion perimeter of 30 nautical miles for U.S. Navy vessels, but the radioactive fallout was dangerously high as far out as 200 miles. The AEC had not warned vessels from other nations to stay out of the exclusion area. Even if it had, that would not have helped the Japanese tuna fishing boat Daigo Fukuryu Maru, or Lucky Dragon 5, which was 90 miles from Bikini at the time of the test. It was the Lucky Dragons very bad fortune on that day to be directly downwind from Castle Bravo. Fallout on the Lucky Dragon At 6:45 a.m. on March 1, the 23 men aboard the Lucky Dragon had their nets deployed and were fishing for tuna. Suddenly, the western sky lit up as a fireball seven kilometers (4.5 miles) in diameter shot up from Bikini Atoll. At 6:53 a.m., the roar of the thermonuclear explosion rocked the Lucky Dragon. Unsure what was happening, the crew from Japan decided to continue fishing. Around 10 a.m., highly radioactive particles of pulverized coral dust began to rain down on the boat. Realizing their peril, the fishermen began to pull in the nets, a process that took several hours. By the time they were ready to leave the area, the Lucky Dragons deck was covered with a thick layer of fallout, which the men cleared away with their bare hands. The Lucky Dragon quickly set off for its home port of Yaizu, Japan. Almost immediately, the crew began to suffer from nausea, headaches, bleeding gums, and eye pain, symptoms of acute radiation poisoning. The fishermen, their catch of tuna, and the Lucky Dragon 5 herself were all severely contaminated. When the crew reached Japan, two top hospitals in Tokyo quickly admitted them for treatment. Japans government contacted the AEC for more information about the test and the fallout, to help with treatment of the poisoned fishermen, but the AEC stonewalled them. In fact, the U.S. government initially denied that the crew had radiation poisoning — a very insulting response to Japans doctors, who knew better than anyone on Earth how radiation poisoning presented in patients, following their experiences with the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings less than a decade earlier. On September 23, 1954, after six months of agonizing illness, the Lucky Dragons radio operator Aikichi Kuboyama died at the age of 40. The U.S. government would later pay his widow approximately $2,500 in restitution. Political Fallout The Lucky Dragon Incident, coupled with the atomic bombings of Japans cities in the closing days of World War II, led to a powerful anti-nuclear movement in Japan. Citizens opposed the weapons not only for their capacity to destroy cities  but also for smaller dangers such as the threat of radioactively contaminated fish entering the food market. In the decades since, Japan has been a world leader in calls for disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, and Japanese citizens turn out in large numbers for memorials and rallies against nuclear weapons to this day. The 2011 ​Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant meltdown has re-energized the movement  and helped expand anti-nuclear sentiment against peacetime applications as well as weaponry.

Sexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay - 1466 Words

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Introduction Sexual harassment is an ethical problem in the workplace. Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. It can affect your working conditions and creates a hostile work environment. It can also affect productivity, satisfaction, retention, patient care and safety, your physical well-being and mental health. It can also cause low staff morale, increased absenteeism and attrition of staff. This student has witnessed and has been a victim of sexual harassment in the workplace. One in three women has been sexually harassed at work some point in their life (McDonald. 2011.p.2). Good communication skills are needed to stand up for yourself and others in sexual harassment cases. One must properly report these unwanted and undesirable acts to make the perpetrator accountable for their actions. In the video series Doing the Right Thing session 5 they discuss accountability, moral standards, and virtue in the workplace (Colson Center. 2016). We need to hold people accountable for their actions, to have good moral standards and be people of virtue. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Matt. 7:12). Christian Worldview The Christian worldview is the framework of ideas and beliefs through which a Christian individual, group or culture interprets the world and interacts with it (Sire. 2009. p. 20). We should be living by God’s law as well as Man’s law. All people wereShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace990 Words   |  4 PagesIt is great to have a workplace where you are friends with your coworkers. But what happens when coworkers talk about other coworkers in a sexual context. Two male coworkers talking about female staff where coworkers in the area can hear. Your manager suggests that they can help you earn a promotion if you go out with them. This puts employees in awkward situations where they might not know if this is considered sexual harassment. If it is, an employee maybe unsure what to do about it. AccordingRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace963 W ords   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace There are federal laws put in position to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. Most employees sometimes don’t even realize what sexual harassment is are when they are committing this violation. On the flip side an employee may not realized when they are being sexually harassed and when is the appropriate time to speak up. Education on sexual harassment has increased within the workplace as cases are more public and fines are getting steeper. In this researchRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #3 Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been an issue, even before women were introduced into the working environment in the twentieth century. In recent years this issue may have become more publicized than before and not as overlooked as it used to be, but it unfortunately affects people all across the nation, both men and women alike. From that fast food chain where your kid is working at, to that fortune 500 company you’ve never heard of, it is happening. Over the last severalRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace2180 Words   |  9 PagesSexual harassment is among the many factors that make employees uncomfortable at the workplace. This vice is a sum of all the unwelcomed advances of sexual nature that employees go through from their colleagues or superiors. There is no gender limit to sexual harassment since both males and females may be coerced to engage in some things for sexual favours. Sexual harassment takes both verbal and physical form. Since managers are responsible for the provision of a comfortable working environmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1253 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace What cause sexual harassment in the workplace? Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Work Place: Building More Awareness In today’s society, sexual harassment in the workplace has become a problem. This problem should have more attention and awareness provided to help stop these situations from happening. Sexual harassment can happen anywhere, at any time, and to everyone. It does not discriminate and effects all ethnicity, genders, age, and races. Due to the larger number of cases presented in courts today, sexual harassment in the workplace continues toRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1359 Words   |  6 Pagesfor any company to legally define what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace, but there are many ways to define sexual harassment. Everyone has different views and tolerance levels towards sexual harassment. When a case of sexual harassment occurs in a workplace, however, it comes down to how the courts define sexual harassment. The Supreme Court defines sexual harassment to be unlawful in two ways. â€Å"The first type involves sexual harassment that results in a t angible employment action;† thisRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1608 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to sexual harassment ranging from sexually degrading comments to physical acts of sexual assault. Unfortunately for the women working at the mine, that was only the beginning of the harassment they’d experience. If this was not damaging enough, women were deterred, if not, outright sanctioned for reporting instances of harassment to management. It is reasonable to assume that culture at Pearson Taconite and Steel fostered a hostile work environment for women. Though the issue of sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 Pages Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on female

Cuban American education Free Essays

A Cuban American is a United States citizen who traces his ancestry to Cuba. Many communities in the United States have many people from the Cuba American community. This cultural diversity has brought numerous debates on the nature of education to be offered on these citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuban American education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the Cuban immigrants settled in the St. Augustine, Florida. After the united states claimed Florida from Spain, most of the Cubans were mainstreamed into the American culture. The Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro necessitated the increase in the number of the immigrants to the US. These immigrants were of different education backgrounds and different professions. Source:http://usinfo. state. gov/scv/history_geography_and_population/population_and_diversity/hispanic_americans. html Cuban American students have for long been considered at risk in the American educational system. A better understanding of the diverse cultural experiences can help to counteract this risk. This understanding, this paper enhances development of the students towards being responsible members of the wider society. The analyses given are based on the students’ background and how it affects their performance in the nation education. Student profiles based on various indicators of academic achievement and school orientation: low-achieving and weakly oriented, (2) low-achieving and strongly oriented, (3) high-achieving and moderately oriented, (4) high achieving and strongly oriented. This analyses show that most of the Cuban American low achievers and this greatly contributed poor quality of the private school which most of this children attend to. The local community cannot be able to collect tax in order to sustain the development of quality education because they are poor and they don’t have property where they can collect tax. (Jeanne, 2004) Most of children coming from the diverse backgrounds in the United States mostly attend the public school, which are able to offer the young learners with the first language skills. The children who speak language other than English come from working class homes. The public schools as such consider the individual needs of the different races within the United States by providing education for the minority of the different cultural backgrounds. Most private school usually use English as the only medium of communication and as such they charge highly. New York’s Lycee Francais uses French extensively; on the other hand Miami’s Loyola school uses Spanish extensively as the medium of communication. This shows that there is a big difference between the public schools and the private school in the United States in vary many divergent ways. This paper endeavors to present a vivid analysis of such trends of education their weaknesses, their strengths in relation the diverse culture. Dade country, Florida comprises the many cities such as Miami and Hialeah and other surrounding areas mostly contain large numbers of Hispanic populations. Most of these Hispanic populations are coming from Cuba and few come from Spain and Mexico. These Hispanic people use Spain as the language as the medium of communication. These schools within this context use Spanish language as the medium] of communication; they basically run by people of the Cuban origin. The schools, which offer such services in this Spanish language, are usually the public schools. The private schools are deemed to be expensive and they are for the elite people. The whole of this region there were two elite schools commonly attended by the Cuban American children whose parents enjoy the upper class status. The public school have been referred as ethic schools meant for the low income earners and in this region most people are very poor and as such they take their children to this public school. Those members of this similar region who enjoy the high economic statuses take their children to the private school basically meant for elite members of the community. Bilingual education policy has been a unity force in the United States. The children of Cuban American origin receive instructions at school in Spanish, which considered as their first language. The public schools prefer the use of the learners’ first language. This has created linguistic and curriculum disparity within the system of education. For instance the Cuban American children become more proficiency in Spanish than English. This denies Cuban American children a chance to communicate effectively later since the official language for communication in the United States is English. The current shift in terms of the education system is towards the bilingual education policy practice, which has been found to be the most effective way of considering the minority. Here the learners are given an opportunity to study under the many languages. For instance those children from the Spanish origin are allowed to study using Spanish and English. The English in this context is taught as the second language. The United States federal government supports such program of bilingual education, which is aimed at promoting equity and unity among the citizens. However it is factual that the bilingual education system has also created structures that perpetuate social and political divisions. In addition the bilingual education policy has been known as the major hindrance to the development of the English language. The first and second languages can be developed simultaneously in such public school setting. Despite the reforms, children and the teachers have not changed their behavior of cultural identity. The changes have not been implemented especially from the part of teachers and the communities. The inability to speak and understand English has denied most the native speakers national opportunities denying them a chance to participate actively in the education issues of national nature. The curriculum design has such is not uniform at all since the media of instructions use different divergent languages. In terms of curriculum there are different texts, teachers for students who use a different language than English. It was argued that there is no equality at all by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum for students who do not understand English since they are bound to find their classroom lessons quite incomprehensible. This is considered imposition of rules that cannot assist an individual. The English basic skills are important in these public skills so as to equip the learner with necessary skills that can enhance national participation. But because the children cannot learn in a language they do not understand the first language should the initial medium of instruction and then English should be used as a second language. Education has the net effect of creating a better global economy, those who have done in the 21st century well. From this fundamental fact, 21st century is dependent on science and technology that is why education is taking a new shift in the United States of America. The following are some of the indicators of the disparities experienced in the Cuban American education system. Inequity in School Financing School financing comes from three sources: Federal, state, and local funds (with most funds coming from states). Education has the largest expenditure in the state budget. Whether it is more expensive to educate Cuban Americans is not an issue for debate the issue is that the areas where Cuban American children reside are usually low-wealth areas that generate less funding from property taxes. In most cases, districts have to pass bond referendums to rebuild schools, which are often not supported by the general voting public. Therefore, school districts with concentrations of Cuban American students remain under funded and must seek other means of support. School Segregation and Poverty. Today, Cuban American students are experiencing higher rates of segregation in school systems than are any other group of students. A recent report of the Harvard Project on School Desegregation to the National School Boards Association describes the changing patterns of segregation and poverty. The study found that segregation by race is strongly correlated with segregation by poverty; and the study provides national data demonstrating that Cuban American students are much more likely than white students to be in schools that are segregated and poorly funded. Under representation of Cuban American among School Personnel Most of the administrators and educational policy makers are white who determine the nature of education system to be offered. A study conducted by Meier and Stuart, for instance, showed that Cuban American representation on school boards and in the teaching profession is of a very low number. On a general perspective there are too few Cuban American teachers, counselors, and administrators in the education system. Multicultural Training for School Personnel Teacher insensitivity to cultural and linguistic diversity often influences a student to become alienated from the school system teachers. Bilingual education is the use of two languages, one of which is English, as a means of instruction. This implies that an educator must be Spanish-speaking in order to be a good and effective instructor of Cuban American students. The problem can only be solved if enough teachers who have bilingual skills are recruited into the mainstream. Testing and Assessment. Many Latino students never reach their full potential due to inappropriate and inaccurate uses of testing and assessment. Conclusion It is recognized those generations of Cuban American students in U. S. public education are at risk due to serious inadequacies in the educational system. Thus far, the system has been unable to meet the needs of those students. Among other inequities, there continues to exist a disparity in school funding, a lack of effective Bilingual and ESL education programs, a lack of trained teachers, and a misuse of testing and assessment. The quality of education is always decreasing as time goes by in the Cuban Americans. These multiple factors have greatly contributed to decreasing rates of college attendance by the Cuban American students. This is because the educational structures favor the white and the rich people. Reforming of the public school is one very important way of promoting education of the Cuban American education. Testing and having a uniform curriculum will eventually decrease all these disparities caused by poverty and racial discrimination. Proper methods of funding the federal government should be considered to be the most suitable way of achieving common educational objectives. To address these issues and policy areas, effective educational models must incorporate high-quality standards, equitable financial support, and diverse language and cultural knowledge. Parent and school collaboration must be specified in all plans of action. Long-term, strategic plans must be developed through collaborative approaches with the public and private sectors at the local, state, and national level to monitor and to ensure a high standard of educational attainment among Cuban Americans. References Baker C. (2006). Policy and Practice in Bilingual Education: A Reader Extending the Foundations. Multilingual Publishers. Krashen, S. (1996). Under attack: The case against bilingual education. Culver City CA: Language Education Associates. Jeanne S. (2004). The Academic Achievement Challenge Guiford press. State Profiles Bilingual Education States’ Bilingual Education status www. proenglish. org/issues/education/beindex. html [Education] Elite Cuban-American school admits black students www. uscsca. org/caaef. htm http://usinfo. state. gov/scv/history_geography_and_population/population_and_diversity/hispanic_americans. html How to cite Cuban American education, Papers

Childhood Studies and Counseling

Question: Discuss about the Childhood Studies and Counseling. Answer: Introduction Career is defined as the progress and actions of the individual related to their learning phase, choice of occupation and professional development. It defines the journey taken by an individual for professional goals and accomplishment of work titles. The choice of career and the career guidance choices of individual is influenced by several factors like objective assessment of tangible benefits, social and psychological factors present in society and the interaction with the organization (Patton and McMahon 2014). The contemporary definition of career is the life-long progress in learning and work throughout their life followed by building of a positive identity in future. Some regard career as a means of participation and contribution to the well being of the society through their work and educational learning (Barnes et al. 2010). Career development is the life long experience of people in seeking information and processing it for occupational and educational needs. This helps to establish a work identity. Studying career development theory is important for the purpose of career counseling and implementation of career interventions (Sampson et al. 2014). This report particularly analyzes the traditional and modern theories of career development and career choices to understand the nature of complexities in it and its impact of career counseling and career guidance practice. It also discusses the implication of these theories to career guidance practices and its application to personal career path. This will be useful in the future development of approaches to inform career guidance practices. Critical evaluation of career development theories and its implications for career guidance A lot of thinking goes into future educational choices to achieve specific career goals and transform from university life to work life. The present challenge for career counseling is to decide career interventions based on individual needs of people and diverse career patterns (Hall and Mirvis 2013). Globalization and enormous changes in world market is the also a challenge for the career guidance company and they need to rethink counseling strategies to keep up with current market demands. Currently, the main focus is on use of technology to increase productivity and administrative processes. In the first phase of changing the nature of work through the application of latest biotechnology and information and communication technologies, it lead to loss of many jobs and unemployment. Hence, similar changes will continue to occur in the job market and one needs adaptability skills to respond to changes in the job market. The career guidance company may find solution to this by adjustm ent of work practice and giving knowledge on qualification adjustment to suit the requirements of work in particular enterprise (Niles 2014). Therefore, in order to provide best solutions to support people in their career, an understanding of key career development theories is important to achieve best results in career. The main theories related to career development and career choices are as follows: Social learning theory- Another example of the traditional theory is the Krumboltzs social learning theory of career development (SLTCD) which gives an idea of peoples occupational preference through different learning experience and their belief system (Patton and McMahon 2014). It is related to Banduras social learning theory where people learn through observation and imitation. In the contemporary world, this theory has been integrated into learn theory of career counseling. The theory informs the process of career decision making and extends the trait and factor theory to explain the relation between job and job aspirants congruence. Hence, they key assumption is that individual learn about the job world through direct and indirect experience and their action is influenced by this knowledge and skill-based learning (Swartz 2014). The four factors which influence career decision making process are as follows: Genetic endowment and special abilities- It refers to the inherited aspect of an individual such as physical appearance, special aptitude and predisposition to certain illness. Hence individual capability to learn differs on the basis of inherited qualities (Swartz 2014). Environmental conditions and events- It relates to socio-cultural, economic and natural resources factors. This factor is outside anyones control. Based on the planned and unplanned events like nature and number of job and training opportunities, monetary and social benefits of any jobs, policies affecting recruitment, natural disaster and social organization and many others (Meijers and Lengelle 2015). For example certain occupational requirement might be dependent on season and location and one cannot have control over this. Learning experiences- The occupational choice of people is also influenced by their unique learning experience and they tend to make career decision based on those experiences. This experience may be classified into instrumental and associative. The first is an outcome of positive reinforcement for some behavior and the latter relates to learning through a emotionally laden stimulus. Task approach skills- The task approach skill results from the accumulation of above three factors and it influences performance standard, mind setup, emotional response and cognitive process (Akers and Jennings 2015). From the analysis of Krumboltzs social learning theory, it can be concluded that in order to overcome challenges in changing world market, the main career counseling strategy is to expand ones capabilities and interest and get prepared to handle new task. A sense of empowerment needs to be given to overcome challenges in job. Despite the benefits of SLTCD theories, there are also certain problems of this theory for professional practice. By means of observational generalizations, people may choose poor alternatives or eliminate good alternative because of poor judgment. Some may fail to identify that a problem exist and ultimately faced to make decision on career choices. Career counseling needs to look into this problem before integrating them in career guidance approach (Ho et al. 2016). Happestance learning theories- With the passage of time, the career choices focused on happenstance instead of decision making. This is based on the assumption that certain chance events are important parts of individuals career path and considering this, career counselor need to help clients to deal with the change in labor market by taking events positively. Hence, this theory tried to shift peoples traditional career choice from focusing on a single career to preparing from diverse career choices (Krumboltz 2009). This approach might be very useful in the current changing job sphere and job aspirants can seize many opportunities to develop in their career if they hone their skills according to selection of diverse career path. Therefore, with this idea, career counselors and guidance team can seek to enhance skills of client by engaging them in exploratory actions (Krumboltz, Foley, and Cotter, 2013). This can be useful approach to get benefits at the time of occurrence of unplann ed events. This theory encourages job aspirants to take some risk to gain unidentified benefits in life which they could never perceive before the occurrence of chance events. Through this form of training earlier in career, people will learn the skills of being alert and sensitive to recognize potential opportunities in occupational path (Watson and Szathmry 2016). From the analysis of happenstance theory, it is seen that it is an extension of the traditional theory of social learning. While the social learning theory emphasizes on making clear decisions and systematic processing of information according to progress in particular career choices, the happenstance encourage new job aspirants to embrace indecision as the future is unpredictable. The latter career guidance strategy is curiosity driven and helps a client to develop flexible attitude to quickly adapt to changing circumstances in organization. Hence, in the globalization era, this form of attitude in job aspirants will help them to learn diverse academic skills and explore different career choices. Counselors will play a very important in the empowerment of aspirants and supporting them in career choices and development (Zepeda, Parylo, and Bengtson, 2014). Psychological theories of career choice- Trait and factor matching model is a psychological theories influencing career choices. The foundation of the trait and factor theory was laid by Frank Parsons who acknowledged vocational guidance through the characteristics (trait) of an individual and factors required for successful performance in career. The main concept of Parson was that of matching job requirement with individual traits like personal abilities and aptitudes. Therefore, any career choice is made only when a person understands their individual capabilities, knowledge of jobs and the judgment to understand the relationship between the two factors (Tracey 2014). The talent and factor attributes can be matched to achieve good fit and attain jobs best suited to ones interest and abilities. This will bring positive results both personally as well as professionally. This classic and traditional career developmental theory states that an understanding of self and knowledge of requirement in different domains of job is necessary to make career decisions. Counselor can examine the trait and factor of client by means of skill assessment through aptitude or psychometric test (Mcmahon and Patton 2015). The main advantage of this theory is that counselors can provide a clear framework to client for practice. Parsons approach to counseling is now widely used, however this approach may fail due to lack of educational reform in countries. Many critiques are of the view that in the evolving work environment, the matching strategy may not work and it may create a volatile work environment (Lyness and Erkovan 2016). Parsons work was further extended by Williamson who developed the medical model to support career choice. In this case, role of counselor was regarded as very critical to achieve objectivity in the career decision making process and guide clients to make the correct decision. The key steps in medical model is to analyze the traits and interest of clients, synthesize complete skill picture of client, diagnose and interpret different career pathways for the client, counsel them to achieve the set career path and then follow up to review progress in career. It is based on the principle of test and tell to organize clients capabilities and predict future success in job. This model has great implications for counselor to take the right approach to inform client about their true capability and make them realize their professional goals in life (Leong 2014). Psychodynamic theories- The traditional psychodynamic theory was first proposed by Sigmund Freund who gave the idea about the interaction of the unconscious mental processed and its impact on shaping the personality of an individual. A conflict occurs between the conscious process and the unconscious process and this may affect career choices (Freud 2013). Career professionals and experts can use this theory as a framework for career development and making clients aware of their internal conflicts which affecting their decision making in career (Savickas 2014). Freuds conceptualized that there are three parts to personality- id- based on pleasure principles of biological urges and innate impulses associated with the unconscious. Ego- Ego starts developing from birth and one tries to mediate between pleasure demands and external constraints. Superego- This is the related to the internalization of the external environment (Basham et al. 2016). These three parts of personality evolve through the phases of psychosocial development. Freuds concept was applied in career counseling and it was based on the assumption that some people make career choice based on different type of enjoyment coming out of play or others are compelled to take a job due to wish of parents or teachers. A counselor tries to guide client in making career choice by making them aware of the importance of pleasures in career selection and mediating them to find enjoyment in a given career choice (Hoyer and Steyaert 2015). The uniqueness of Freud s theory for career development is that it takes into account the factors involved in personality development of an individual and the management of these factors to foster healthy career development and adjustment. Hence, with this approach, the counselor emphasize on early childhood and adult development to decide appropriate career choice for an individual (Savickas 2014). The Freuds psychodynamic theory had further evolved with time and it now includes many other innovative approaches. Some of the concepts have been subjected to many empirical scrutiny and controversies, while some have been successfully applied in the contemporary world of human psychology. Freuds theory was opposed by Erikson who felt that personality development does not take place during childhood but throughout the lifespan. He laid stress not just on pleasures and compulsion for career decision making, but also on the impact of self-identity on later career choices and achievement. He gave the idea of eight stages of psychosocial development and combination of this stages along with Freuds concept can go a long way in informing career counseling strategies and helping client achieve resolution in career choice and development (Reifman Arnett and Colwell 2016). Social cognitive career theory (SCCT)- The SCCT theory is the most modern theory related to career development which explains the methods by which career interest develop, career choices are made, career and academic success is achieved. The theory incorporates different elements of career theories such as personal interest, values and environmental factors to determine its impact of career development (Thompson et al. 2016). It pays interest to psychological functioning of an individual such as health behavior, academic performance and organizational development to make decisions on career choice. The concept of self-efficacy is the most important aspect of SCCT theory as level and strength of self-efficacy in an individual determine their coping skills and efforts to sustain and face challenges in career. Different occupational domains require varying self-efficacy to manage certain behavior in the job position. SSCT theory links self-efficacy beliefs to career expectation and orga nizational goals (Lent and Brown 2013). Therefore in career guidance, self-efficacy belief is developed by means of cognitive regulation of emotions. Factors like personal accomplishments, learning through mentors and watching other, verbal encouragement and physiological and emotional factors can also helps to improve self-efficacy level of job aspirants seeking particular career (Morgan 2014). From the analysis of the SSCT theory, it can be said that this approach can inform career guidance practice and modify human behavior to seek certain career goals. A people with high self-efficacy wish to engage in the job and they influence performance in the job. High level of self-efficacy can encourage people to manage challenging task and spend more effort to excel in career. On the other hand, a person with low self-efficacy may require rewards and acknowledgement to accomplish the same task which an employee with high self-efficacy can do. The key benefits of the utilization of SSCT theory in career guidance is that people will relate failure in task to external factors instead of blaming it on their low ability. Therefore, the main idea coming from SSCT theory is that peoples perspective to see the world and address challenging task in job is modified and they become more self-efficient in their career path (Zimmerman 2013). Decision making model- Decision making is classified and understood through three models- the rational/classical model, the administrative or bounded rationality model and the retrospective decision making model. The rational model was the first attempt to understand the decision making process. It is a multi-step process starting from identification of problem to seeking solutions through logical decisions. It is based on the assumption that decision maker or client has knowledge about all the alternatives and have the cognitive skills to evaluate all the choices to come to a decision. Through this model, decision is finalized based on choices that will give maximum benefit to client (Di Fabio et al. 2013). Another insight to decision making was laid by Herbert Simon who developed the Bounded Rationality model and the model assumes that decision making is done based on bounded rationality. The stepwise process of bounded rationality model of decision making is to proceed sequentially to find alternative solution, identify areas with high probability of success and deciding on those actions which gives maximum satisfaction (Sultana 2014). On the other hand, the retrospective decision model gave the idea on how decision makers make decisions based on certain rationale and justify their decisions (Vertsberger and Gati 2015). The analysis of the decision making model reveal that this model can fit into career counseling approaches and it illustrates many decision making strategies to counselors and clients. The career counseling process often began with anxiety due to parental and job pressure. Hence, a counselor can start by helping client to define their problem in career choices and then enhancing commitment and motivation through cognitive restructuring and other approaches. The client may readily be invoked by this strategy and they try to eliminate discriminative stimuli to take decisions that is of maximum utility (Seibert et al. 2013). Complexities in traditional and contemporary career development models and the challenge in career guidance and counseling The analysis of the range of traditional and contemporary career development reveal that all theories have its strength and weakness. Many practitioners have refuted the theories based on strong biasness due to ethnicity, gender and age factor. People are often discriminated on the basis of ethnicity and gender roles which were not considered in traditional career development theories (Blustein 2013). For example women often experience certain barrier in society that complicates their career choices and professional growth. Due to these issues, women did not put much emphasis on successful career in the ancient times and they also selected stereotypically female jobs. Some women often influenced by pervasive message and hence their career choice are influenced by family obligations. Apart from this, there are issues of lack of mentorship and sexual harassment that may have an impact on career choices and development. Therefore, in some cognitive theories of career development, these factors needs to be considered to prepared clients and exercise control on their self-beliefs to achieve and pursue their dream job with utmost commitment (Woodd 2013). Frank Parsons trait and factor theory is still widely used in career guidance practice and it is popular in current practice due to practical appeal and measureable outcome of certain concept. The practical appeal of trait and factor theory is high due to matching paradigm factors that provide career counselors with a clear framework to develop client in career (Vergauwe et al. 2015). Beside this complexities in traditional theories have been overcome by further development in the theories in contemporary world and this will help counselors to use their judgment and insight to choose the best approach to guide a client in their career. The main competency for career counselor is to have sensitivity skills to familiarize relation between gender and career development and understand clients perspective from their social background or societal context. They may play a role in influencing decision of client based on realistic view of the work place (Maree 2015). Application of theory and models to own career path Some of the concept in career development theories and models has played a key role in my deciding my own career path and shaping my career too. My career choice was mainly influenced by social learning theory and concept in this theory has influenced my decision to become a preschool teacher (Allen 2013). Some traditional theories inform that people tend to make career decisions based on factors that interest them during play or pleasure in life. I was interested in playing with small children during adolescent and during my academic journey, I became interested in factors that impact child development and learning. Whenever any small children came to our home, I could easily interpret their action and words. Based on my interest and knowledge in career development, I realized that I could facilitate active learning in children at young age through different play activities. My interest and pleasures in dealing with children in life helped me to decide on a career of a preschool tea cher. Career decisions based on personal interest has great scope to increase ones self efficacy to achieve career goals (Cherian and Jacob 2013). Hence, in my childhood my career ambition was just dependent on personal interest and pleasure in an activity that liked a lot. However, when I grew up, my career choice was very much related to the social learning theory in career decision making. Now I was aware of the changes in society and my responsibility to make a living for myself and support my family members. Now I began to pay attention to job that would keep my passion alive as well as give rich monetary benefits to live a standard quality of life in Singapore. This perception of mine is related to the Krumboltzs social learning theory which stated that career decision making is dependent on social changes in society, differential access to education, personality factors, different occupational factors and influence of parents/ carers of individual (Patton and McMahon 2014). Similar to the theory, I also made my career choices after analyzing the current job situation and social changes in society. The first question that was in my mind was that whether my interest in child learning can be transformed into a career choice and will it provide me enough financial support to sustain my daily expense and maintain a standard quality of life. On consulting a career counseling agent, I got to know that my qualification and interest is best suited for the job of preschool teacher. Besides this I got to know that there are many job opportunities at this position and the main demand is to be creative to facilitate child learning in the most fun-filled way as far as possible. There are opportunities for career progression in this field. This further helped me to decide on my career choices and improve my career graph in the future (Knight 2015). Before finalizing my career choice, I wanted to know the pros and cons of the early childhood educator job. The first detail that I got was that the operating hours are longer and one needs to have a lot of patience to tackle young children as well as promote learning and development in them. One positive feedback that I got from my career counselor was that one can go a long way if they have the passion and interest in children development and learning. Based on this update about the job, I finally made my choice to become a preschool educator. I knew that it will be a demanding job for me as I will have to rush with each child, coordinate lessons, arrange for new creative ideas and outings and may other areas. However, with my passion to care for children, I was confident that I will excel in this job. Hence, this reflection on my career choice reveal that my career decision making was highly influenced by prior learning experience and it matches with the core concept of Krumboltzs social learning theory. After finally achieving this job, I further enhanced my professional skill by utilizing the concept of happenstance learning theory. This modern theory on career development demonstrated that the one should make career decision based on chance events because future action cannot be predicted beforehand. This strategy helped me to progress in my career and take certain risk in case of any unplanned events. I feel this theory can be very beneficial for everyone as it helps people to develop a flexible attitude in career and sustain any unpredictable challenges in the job (Kim et al. 2014). Conclusion From the detailed discussion on traditional and other contemporary theories on career development and career choices, it can be concluded that there are certain weakness in both the theories. However, with understanding of current job demand and trends in world market, counselor can easily modify their strategy and prepare logical and effective framework to guide client in making career choice and progress in their career. The analysis of the traditional and modern theories like social learning theory, psychodynamic theories, happenstance and other model reveals different complexities in their concept and how the evolution of this theory by other experts lead to the usage of its concept by career counselor experts. 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