In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Canterbury Tales Essay: Immorality and the Friar -- Canterbury Tales E

Unethical behavior and the Friar in The Canterbury Talesâ â It is a tragic editorial on the pastorate that, in the Middle Ages, this class was answerable for profound quality was frequently the class generally set apart by debasement. Scarcely any works of the occasions satirically feature this marvel just as The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer’s General Prologue acquaints us with a cast of pastorate, or Second Estate people, who go in nature from devout to degenerate. The Friar is by all accounts a fantastic case of the degenerate idea of some low-level ministers of the occasions while his exercises were not sinful or appalling, his conduct is unquestionably not as per the magnanimous good lessons he should uphold. As per the Narrator’s account, he is a highbrow snot, debased by avarice, and acts in very un-Christian ways. Plainly he is a man of low good guidelines. At the point when we are first acquainted with the Friar, we are informed that he has a degree of decent behavior far over his station throughout everyday life. We are informed that in the four asking orders, there is nobody as proficient in reasonable language and friendliness as he (lines 210-211, Norton), and that he is an exceptionally ceremonious individual (line 209). This appears to be conflicted in relation to a man who should get by asking, a man who should experience existence without a rooftop over his head. This degree of rearing and fondness for function has likely originated from a refined birth-regularly, the more youthful children and little girls of nobles who couldn't be accommodated basically entered the ministry. This added to an enormous collection of pastorate individuals who went to the congregation not on the grounds that they felt an awesome calling, yet basically in light of the fact that that is what was anticipated from them (his kindred pioneer, the Prior ess, als... ...th cash from the individuals who can scarcely manage the cost of bread. This Friar’s ethics are a lot nearer to bad habit than uprightness; any questions that he is a man of low ethics are presently totally cleared away. Chaucer’s General Prologue is astounding in that it permits us to see what characters may profess to speak to, yet in addition how they truly are inside. Chaucer’s portrayal of the Friar, who ought to take care of business of upstanding devotion and ideals, makes it promptly clear that he is a remarkable inverse. The Friar’s elitist foundation and conduct, his asking upheld eagerness, and the indecencies that restrict genuine Christianity demonstrate that he is a man of low good gauges. Positively, Chaucer paints a magnificent differentiation of picture versus reality. Catalog The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Sixth Edition, Volume 1. M.H. Abrams, et al, Editor. W.W. Norton and Company. New York: 1993.

How Long Does Ultram Stay in Your System

How Long Does Ultram Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How Long Does Ultram Stay in Your System? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 23, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 22, 2018 Blood Test Can Detect Heavy Drinking. © Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Determining exactly how long Ultram (tramadol) is detectable in the body depends on many variables, including which kind of drug test is being used. Ultram, which is called tramadol in its generic form, is also known by its other brand names Ultracet, Conzip, Ryzolt, and Rybix. The timetable for detecting Ultram in the system is dependent upon not only the type of test used, but also on each individuals metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health condition, and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact amount of time Ultram will show up on a drug test. How Long Ultram Remains in Various Tests The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which Ultram can be detected by various testing methods: Ultram can be detected in a urine test from 2-4 daysA blood test can detect Ultram for approximately 12 hoursUltram can be detected in a saliva test for 1-4 daysUltram, like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days The Dangers of Ultram Use Ultram is in a class of medications called opiate (narcotic) analgesics and therefore can be very addictive. If its taken over a long period of time, Ultram can create a physical dependence. Even when taken in prescribed amounts, Ultram can cause seizures after it has been used over a long period of time. Also, because Ultram is an opioid painkiller, there is a chance of overdose, especially when combined with other central nervous system depressants or alcohol. Side Effects of Ultram Even when taken as directed, Ultram, like other opioid painkillers, can cause serious side effects, some of which can be severe, including: SeizuresHivesRashBlistersDifficulty swallowing or breathingSwelling of the eyes, face, throat, tongue, lips, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legsHoarsenessAgitation, hallucinations, fever, sweating, confusion, fast heartbeat, shivering, severe muscle stiffness or twitching, loss of coordinationNausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, or dizzinessInability to get or keep an erectionIrregular menstruationDecreased sexual desireChanges in heartbeatLoss of consciousness Symptoms of an Ultram Overdose Symptoms of an Ultram overdose may include the following: Decreased pupil sizeDifficulty breathingExtreme drowsinessUnconsciousnessComaSlow heartbeatMuscle weaknessCold, clammy skin Danger of Drug Interactions With Ultram There is a long list of medications that might produce negative reactions when taken along with Ultram. Some of those medications include: Anticoagulants such as Coumadin (warfarin)Wellbutrin (bupropion)Certain medications for migraine headaches such as Axert (almotriptan), Relpax (eletriptan), Frova (frovatriptan), Amerge (naratriptan), Maxalt (rizatriptan), Imitrex (sumatriptan), and Zomig (zolmitriptan)MAO inhibitors including Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine), Eldepryl (selegiline), and Parnate (tranylcypromine)Muscle relaxants such as Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine), Phenergan (promethazine), and Rifadin (rifampin)Sedatives and sleeping pillsSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Celexa (citalopram), Prozac (fluoxetine), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Paxil (paroxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline)Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine), and Effexor (venlafaxine)TranquilizersTricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, amoxapine, Anafranil (clomipramine), Norpramin (desipramine), Silenor (doxepin), Tofranil (imipramine), Pamelor (nort riptyline), Vivactil (protriptyline), and Surmontil (trimipramine) Be sure to tell your doctor about any and all prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, herbs, and supplements that youre taking.

The Past, Present, And Future Of Education - 1184 Words

The Past, Present, and Future of Education Essay Education is a foundation for a career and a lifestyle. It is the field of study that deals mainly with methods of teaching and learning in schools. It is defined as the process of gaining knowledge. Education is necessary because it provides the information we need rest of our lives. You need well-rounded education to be successful. Success is an individual definition and determines what education you need. Success is the accomplishment of an aim or purpose. A person feels successful when he/she achieves desired aims or attains prosperity. To be successful, we need specialized training. If you want a job you’ll need a college degree or specialized training. Education needs to include courses, diplomas, and training. You need courses to know what actually are studying about. You need diplomas because employers are looking people that are skills beyond and those that have a degree. The high school diploma is the basic diploma, you need to get a job. Education was unfair to most people up until the 1960’s. The Black people didn’t get the education they wanted. There were separated schools. There were Black schools and White schools. Black students got the old books that White students used. White students always got the new books. Blacks and Whites had separate proms, student governments, and sports teams and cheerleading squads. By 1950, the inequality in educational achievement between white students and minority studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Past, Present, And Future Of Education1072 Words   |  5 PagesLovepreet Singh Adkins Pd.3 The Past, Present, and Future of Education Essay Education is a foundation for a career and a lifestyle. It is the field of study that deals mainly with methods of teaching and learning in schools. It is defined as the process of gaining knowledge. Education is necessary because it provides the information we need rest of our lives. You need well-rounded education to be successful. Success is an individual definition and determines what education you need. Success is the accomplishmentRead MoreEducation: Past, Present, and Future772 Words   |  4 PagesEducation: Past, Present, and Future Education, without it we would all be mindless wonders wandering around the globe. Education is an important factor in our lives, but the past, present, and future of education is changing. And change it will until our education system is the best in the world. In the past, Education in America was plain and simple. Weve all heard the stories of how our ancestors used to have to walk to school 5 miles in the snow in the heat of summer. These shamelessRead MoreEducation : The Past, The Present And Future1184 Words   |  5 Pages‘Education: The Past, the Present the Future’ â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† - Nelson Mandela. Without education, there is simply no telling of what this world would be like. There wouldn’t be doctors, lawyers, businesses etc. Life and everything around us would be fatuous. Schools and education give us a plan in life and help guide us. Throughout the years education has changed tremendously. It had its improvements throughout the decades, and itRead MorePast, Present and Future for Education System2221 Words   |  9 PagesPast, present and future for education system Sponsored by Published on  undefined NaN undefined NaN NaN:NaN From: David H Rhodes, Keeble Park North, Bishopthorpe, York. THE school examination results have been announced and no doubt many students are rejoicing in what they have attained through very hard work. Congratulations to them. This does, however, bring an air of confusion as to the genuine merit and value of the grades attained. Correct me if I am wrong, but I believe that 50 years ago onlyRead MoreThe Influence of Books on the Past and Present Literacy850 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluence of religious books such as the bible on the past and present states of literacy. Past literacy based on religious books shows the origin of the biblical practices of exorcism and the culture of Protestantism in England. It describes the superstitions surrounding the early forms of education and the difficulty they bring as regards the understanding of religious books. The article shows that the understanding of the bible influenced the present state of literacy by introducing prudence and enlightenmentRead MoreHistorical Foundations777 Words   |  4 Pagesplay very important and basic part of Christian religious education. In investigating historical foundations, educators are forced to consider aspects of education which are more subject to change and various contingencies in different times and places. Through these situ ations, I will reflect on dealing with the challenges of educational ministries, Christians can discern lessons from the past that provide insights for current and future needs. History focuses upon a concrete and living realityRead MoreThe United States Of America Ranks Twenty-Three In Science,1098 Words   |  5 Pageslack of interest of the education of the youth of Americans. This policy paper will cover the past, present, and what might be the future of education policies in America. Firstly, the paper will cover the moment when the United States government saw the necessity of creating a Department of Education. This department will primarily be focused on making policies regarding education. In continuation, this essay will discuss the creation of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and why thisRead MoreThe Phases Of American Education1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Phases of American Education Can you imagine a world without education? If education did not exist there would be no iPhones, computers, laptops, or cars. Education has had its ups and downs. The learning system in the past was very basicÍ ¾ students got lessons directly from the teacher and more information from the book. Back then, parents taught their children how to read and write from the bible and hornbooks. People usually learned how to read from picture books. Boys went to school whileRead MoreWomens Values in Past, Present and Future Essay616 Words   |  3 PagesWomens Values in Past, Present and Future In the early 20’s, things like getting married at an early age while you were still at your prime, building a family, buying a house with a â€Å"white picket fence† were important. Then in the 30’s, getting married and having a family was still the most important thing, but also perhaps becoming a socialite and presenting a good imaging. *NOTE: It may be important to note that women were always expected to ‘keep up appearances’Read MoreThe Influence of History on the Present and the Future of Human Beings1149 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence of History on the Present Life, and the Future of Human beings The past is not entirely part of the present and the past. It happened then, not now and ignoring it is never possible. The fact that it happened leaves no choice to forget it. Past events could influence the present and the future, but unlike the past, the future is yet to happen. Events in the past do not have to change the future. Doing future events keenly may avoid a repeat of the past. Narrating, past events and recalling them

Oppression in Cuckoos Nest - 1621 Words

frank C, Survey of Literature and Comp. – Block 5 May 10, 2011 An Omnipresent Oppression Oppression is an omnipresent force which has fed on ignorance and hatred and affected the lives of the less fortunate and powerless. Through literature people are able to express their feelings and attitudes regarding an amalgam of elements. An example of this exists in the two texts, â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† and â€Å"The Life Your Save May Be Your Own;† in both texts we see a clear correlation between the plot events in the stories and the events that took place in American History to oppress women and Native Americans. â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† and â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† are similar due to the fact that they†¦show more content†¦Nurse Ratched forced the patients to conform to her guidelines, such as when Chief was forced to sweep rather than live freely as he pleased. Chief like Lucynell in â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† does not have a voice to express his feelin gs or thoughts. This lack off voice can be compared to the Native Americans who were made by the federal government to give up their traditions of hunting and gathering and forced to farm. Both the government and Nurse Ratched did not allow for any intervening, and they forced upon their subjects a certain lifestyle. During the early twentieth century women did not control their own lives, it was controlled by society and they were expected to conform to society and follow its laws and patterns. In â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† Women were denied access to public power and the idea of women in the early 1900s was a perfect wife and mother, thus leaving their lives to be run by men (Bruccoli 324). Women of this time were voiceless, and this lack of voice is display in the story because Lucynell literally was a mute, and could not speak. Lucynell’s lack of a voice metaphorically represents the women who had no voice in the early twentieth century whereas Mr.Shiftlet does have a voice; he represents the men during theShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2635 Words   |  11 Pages4/17/2015 Defending Controversial Novels Essay Draft Kesey Flew East, His Critics Fly West: They’ve All Missed the Merit in the Cuckoo’s Nest â€Å"There s something about taking a plow and breaking new ground. It gives you energy† (Kesey qtd. in Sova 244). This energy, however, comes with a cost, as demonstrated by Kesey’s revolutionary novel One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. In the process of writing the book, Kesey embarked with ambitious goal of ultimately reshaping American society’s approach to establishedRead MoreThe One Who Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Oppression Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagestrough many wars, both home and abroad. If there is one thing one can take from this, that in any oppressive regime or rule, the human spirit will find a way to free itself. In the novel The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest, the same principle applies in the want of freedom from oppression. The setting throughout the book is in a psych ward, where the narrator is schizophrenic native man named Chief Bromden who tells what happens inside the ward from a fist person view. Many of the patients inside Read More A Tale of Four Novels1596 Words   |  7 Pagesexterminate the bourgeoisie in order to gain freedom and get revenge at the same time. The central theme of man’s search for power is present in A Tale of Two Cities and is recurring in many works of literature including Hamlet, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and 1984. In A Tale of Two Cities the primary conflict is the revolution in which the proletariat aim to overthrow the bourgeoisie in an effort to gain freedom as they are oppressed and in a state of poverty. Dickens has previously stated numerousRead MoreEssay on The Chief in One flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey 861 Words   |  4 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Critical Essay One flew over the Cuckoo’s nest, written by Ken Kesey in 1962 is a gripping multidimensional novel, set in an Oregon Mental Institution set deep in the countryside. The novel is narrated by an American half-Indian known as the â€Å"Chief†, who is a seemingly deaf and dumb patient with Paranoid Schizophrenia. By choosing Bromden as the narrator instead of the main character McMurphy, Kesey gives us a somewhat objective view, as its coming from only oneRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology pla ys an impactful role in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. This is demonstratedRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay2656 Words   |  11 PagesOne Flew Over The Cuckoo#8217;s Nest The significance of the title can be interpreted in this quote. The story is about a struggle in a psychiatric ward, where many #8220;cuckoos#8221; reside, #8220;Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, she#8217;s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts #8216;em in pens#8230; wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flock#8230; one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo#8217;s nest#8230; O-U-T spells out#8230; goose swoops down and plucksRead MoreThe Messianic Superego : Liberation Of Self Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesLiberation of Fellow Men through the Sacrifice of Self Ken Kesey vehemently lashes against dictated social conformity, disguising his personal manifesto as his novel reflective of mid-twentieth century American society, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The protagonist, Randle McMurphy, purposely casts away his own desire of self-preservation to deliver liberating freedom to prisoners broken by institutionalized sanity. Kesey develops McMurphy’s character as a tragic hero by drawing inspiration fromRead More One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay2464 Words   |  10 Pages One Flew Over The Cuckooamp;#8217;s Nest The significance of the title can be interpreted in this quote. The story is about a struggle in a psychiatric ward, where many amp;#8220;cuckoos; reside, amp;#8220;Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, sheamp;#8217;s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts amp;#8216;em in pensamp;#8230; wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flockamp;#8230; one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckooamp;#8217;s nestamp;#8230; O-U-T spells outamp;#8230;Read MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1579 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest by Ken Kesey we are taken into the mind of a mental hospital patient who does not seem to cope well with reality. The whole book itself, revolves around the issue of either being sane or not. We are met with the thought of whether the narrator themselves are sane. But when it comes to our world today, we must ask ourselves how can we define someone as insane or sane? If if we can, who should be in charge of saying that th ey are? The first character thatRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Critical Analysis1479 Words   |  6 Pages Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest, is the narrative of a former psychiatric patient who looks back at the events leading up to his freedom, the novel shows the true rebellious nature of man against tyrannical rule, and man’s never ending yearning for freedom and inner peace. The narrator Chief Bromden goes through a long period of silence and oppression, until Randall McMurphy is committed to the ward, and brings about a change in attitudes from the oppressed patients. Bromden has been

Bahlawane Discussion Free Essays

The discussion is formulated, as the entire thesis, along with the two major investigations done during this study. These are the study of the regulatory mechanism of wg genes expression in the first part and of Rem expression in the second part. An emphasis is given to the role of MucR in both regulation paths. We will write a custom essay sample on Bahlawane Discussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, the conclusion will try to point out the consequences of an inter-connected regulation and be closed on the role of MucR for the symbiosis efficiency in S. meliloti. I. Regulation scheme of galactoglucan synthesis in low and high Pi Published, also already edited II. Regulation scheme of motility genes in S. meliloti. Motility and chemotaxis offers micro – organisms a distinct advantage when faced with starvation, toxic substances or a requirement to approach the appropriate host. However, the motility machinery places high energy demands on the cell. Bacteria develop a strict regulation network to control the expression of motility – related genes to avoid inappropriate energy expenditure. Bacteria also invoke alternative strategies for the regulation of motility when faced with starvation or reduced nutrient conditions. In some bacteria, e. g. , Serratia liquefaciens and Escherichia coli, this strict regulation results an increase of ability to migrate when faced with reduced nutrient conditions (Sharma, Anand, 2002). Apparently the strategy is to engage the motility machinery only in response to stress / starvation conditions by moving towards a better environment. In other bacteria, e. g. S. meliloti, the strict regulation results migration toward chemo-attractants under nutrient sufficient or excess conditions and the development of the vegetative state and biofilm upon encountering stress/starvation conditions (Wei, Bauer, 1998). Thus, S. meliloti was found to be motile throughout active growth, when nutrients are readily available, and to become non-motile upon transition to the stationary phase (Rotter et al. , 2006). The clue of this regulation remained unknown up to the present. Some advances have been performed by the discovery of Rem (Rotter et al. , 2006), a Class Ib regulator, which expression follows the cell motility. Recently, Hoang et al. (Hoang et al. , 2008) demonstrated that quorum sensing (QS) regulated motility in strain Rm8530 through the regulation of visNR expression by ExpR by using an unknown mechanism. 1. Modulation of rem expression Since rem expression was found to be growth – dependent and that visN expression was constant all through the growth, new regulators of motility were expected (Rotter et al. , 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that MucR affects motility by regulation of rem expression. Binding of MucR to the promoter region upstream of rem was shown and a sequence sharing similarities with the MucR binding site consensus (Bertram-Drogatz et al. , 1998) was identified in this region. However, further investigations suggested that sequences, downstream of this consensus, could be required for MucR binding to the rem upstream region. Since MucR inhibition was increased by a mutation in rem, we speculated that the ratio of Rem / MucR levels in the cell may contribute to the regulation of motility in S. meliloti. In RU11/001, Rem was found to be present in great amount in cells at low density (Rotter et al. , 2006) and slowly disappear during the exponential growth. We did not retrieve a much higher rem transcription level at low cell density in our wild type Rm2011. However, we cannot exclude that post – transcriptional regulation is responsible for the accumulation of Rem protein in Rm2011 at low cell density. If high levels of Rem are present in the cell, the effect of MucR on regulation of rem appears to be negligible. Consistent with this postulation, we observed that at low cell densities, the expression of rem promoter was inhibited in the presence of an intact mucR locus and a disrupted rem locus, but not in the presence of a functional rem locus. In such scenario, the quantity of Rem within the cell in a culture of low cell density might be high enough to completely mask the effect of MucR, while at higher cell density, the higher quantity of MucR within the cell might be sufficient to inhibit transcription of rem. Another explanation for the difference of rem expression pattern between the strain RU11/001 and Rm2011 might be the expR status of these two independent wild types. Indeed, Rm2011 exhibits an insertion element within expR (Pellock et al. , 2002), leading to a non – functional gene and consequently a deficient quorum- sensing (QS) system. It was previously shown that the Sin / ExpR quorum sensing system (Marketon et al. , 2002;Marketon et al. , 2003) down-regulates motility and chemotaxis genes and that the visN-visR operon was a target for the LuxR-type regulator ExpR (HOANG 2004, HOANG 2008). We could confirm the inhibition of visN expression by AHL-activated ExpR and its relay to the rem expression. Moreover, McIntosh demonstrated binding of ExpR to the promoter region of visN in the presence of AHLs implying that ExpR directly regulates transcription of visN-visR (personal communication). While rem expression levels are regulated by several regulators, including ExpR, VisN and VisR, as demonstrated in this study and elsewhere (Hoang et al. , 2008;Rotter et al. , 2006) it is unknown what factors affect expression of the autoregulated mucR gene (Muller et al. , 1993). However, MucR appears to function as a repressor, both in the presence and absence of a functional Sin quorum sensing system (Bahlawane C. et al. , 2008;McIntosh et al. , 2008), suggesting that the regulation of mucR expression is not dependent on quorum sensing, although this remains to be confirmed. 2. Requirement for swimming and swarming motility This study highlights another interesting aspect of motility in S. meliloti, namely, swarming, but not swimming, depends on the presence of a functional quorum sensing system and galactoglucan production. The requirement of exopolysaccharides for swarming was recently highlighted in a large scale analysis of Tn5 mutants exhibiting swarming defects in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008). The requirement of a functional quorum sensing for swarming was likewise found in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008;Daniels et al. , 2006). However, this strain exhibits two different quorum sensing systems CinIR and RaiIR, with a much brighter QS signal molecules spectrum. We demonstrated that in S. meliloti, only those strains with an intact ExpR / Sin quorum sensing system and capable of galactoglucan and flagella production showed the ability to swarm. Even if MucR modulated the expression of the regulator of motility, the swimming ability of a mucR, expR – mutant (Rm101) was not affected. Therefore, swimming required flagella production, but not the ExpR/Sin system and galactoglucan biosynthesis. Swimming is an individual endeavour, whereas swarming is the coordinated movement of a population of bacteria in high viscosity media or over a surface and has been shown to be widespread among flagellated bacteria, particularly in association with quorum sensing (Harshey, 2003;Sharma, Anand, 2002). Hence, the involvement of quorum sensing in swarming, but not in swimming, may be an important feature in coordination of motility. 3. Interconnection between both regulation networks and comparison with other strains Coupling of the regulation of bacterial exopolysaccharide production and the regulation of cell motility has also been found in Ralstonia solanacearum (5), Vibrio cholerae (1, 34), and Salmonella enterica (7), and presumably increases the ability of the cells to interact with their prospective host cells. We found that ExpR functions as inhibitor of the master regulator of motility VisNR, in addition to its role as an activator of the expression of the galactoglucan genes in the presence of Sin AHLs and positively affect expression of exoK and exsH leading to the depolymerisation of succinoglycan (McIntosh et al. , 2008). Moreover, MucR is shown to inhibit the motility through rem expression, in addition to its role in the activation the HMW succinoglycan production and inhibition of the galactoglucan production. This fits well to the opposite regulation for succinoglycan biosynthesis and motility found previously for S. meliloti strains (Hoang et al. , 2008;Wells et al. , 2007;Yao et al. , 2004). A model is therefore proposed (Fig. 4. 2) where the inverse regulation of succinoglycan and flagella synthesis, as well as the role of MucR and ExpR are highlighted. Figure 4. 1 Regulation schem of the motility in S. meliloti Dashed lines indicate an unknown regulation path and lines indicate a direct regulation through demonstrated DNA / protein interactions. The direct effect of ExoR /ExoS has to be further analyses, expecially the interaction with visN promoter has to be elucidated. Chapter 2 Conclusion Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan synthesis regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of motility regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life – styles of the bacteria. The last one is named as free – living microorganism or as symbiont in the plant root. In the first case, the bacteria are exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPS’s biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to activate the quorum sensing system, we can speculate that MucR plays a key role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits very low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR. Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing system, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions. In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS; thus the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell differentiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage. Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, will attract the bacteria. When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability; so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria attached to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produced, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the invasion of the new synthesized infection thread. Once within the root, the bacteria will differentiate to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen. We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an efficient symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the influence of motility in symbiosis establishment will require finding out which signals are inducing mucR and exoR/ exoS. Moreover, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more realistic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Alfred Puhler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very good infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am especially grateful to Prof. Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to come back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her too for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism. Then, special thanks to Dr. Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing – related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her helpful discussions and for giving me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol group members for the support and advices. Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for filling up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately connected with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and financial support, for believing in me and for sharing the passion for science with me. Resume In order to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has to face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the difference in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule. We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPS’s production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but also in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan biosynthesis gene cluster contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG). Two promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to strongly inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites. An additional inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. Motility is organized in S. meliloti in a hierarchical cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the major regulator of motility VisNR; controlling the expression of the class Ib gene, rem, which encodes a central regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes. By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we addressed a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011. We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propose a model for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti. How to cite Bahlawane Discussion, Papers

Nursing Intervention free essay sample

It is important for nurses to assist in the healing of pressure ulcers. Apart from providing appropriate wound dressing, various nursing interventions are needed such as relieving pressure by providing special pads or air mattresses and turning or repositioning the patient at least every two hours. Arranging pillows under the ankles, back, head and arms, regular cleansing and drying of the skin, and providing good nutrition to support the healing process are also important (Cohen, 2009). Optimal nutrition helps pressure ulcer healing, keeps immune competence and reduces risk of infection. On the other hand, when patients are in a poor nutritional state wound healing is impaired and more likely to be complicated by infection (Edmonds, 2007; Gillman, 2008). The treatment of pressure ulcers from NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) clinical guideline indicates that nutritional supplementation is recommended for all patients, especially those who have an identified deficiency. Nutritional support of patients with pressure ulcers should be based on nutritional assessment using a recognised tool, general health status, patient preference, expert dietitian and/or specialist input to support in the decision-making process (ANJ, 2008; NICE, 2005; Rafferty, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Intervention or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Waterlow screening tool includes Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), as evidence suggests that dehydration and malnutrition are related to pressure ulcers (Chamanga, 2010). However, NICE recommends that nutritional screening should only be carried out by healthcare professionals with appropriate skill and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) should be taken for all patients including those who already have pressure ulcers (NICE, 2005). The healing process of pressure ulcer demands an increase in the energy intake of nutrients due to an increase in metabolic need. Elderly or disabled people like Mrs. X probably have diminished dietary intake. Patients with highly exudating ulcers are also likely to lose important nutrients through the wound exudates which will result in nutrient deficiency at cellular level (Mandal, 2006). That’s why it is important for nurses to do early identification of malnourished patients and quick referral to dietetic specialists. In the treatment of severe pressure ulcers, specialist nutritional advice is often necessary, particularly if there is a need for dietary supplementation (Schols, 2009) e. g. ensure drinks (oral nutritional supplement) or alternative feeding methods e. g. PEG tube or NG tube feeding. In the case of Mrs. X, advice from an expert dietitian was required as she was provided nutrition with PEG tube feeding to maintain effective nutritional support (Edmonds, 2007). In different cases, biochemical indicators of nutritional state can be useful in guiding nutritional therapy. For instance, serum albumin levels can help to identify chronic malnutrition when used in conjunction with a range of other nutritional parameters (Riordan and Voegeli, 2009). Recent clinical protocols identify that patients are at high risk of malnutrition when plasma albumin levels are less than 3. g/dl. Low albumin levels beyond 26 weeks have been expected of low healing rates in pressure ulcers (Sherman, 2011). During the inflammatory phase of healing, free radicals are released and can damage healthy tissue (Timms, 2011). Therefore, antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium are needed to neutralise the free radicals. Vitamins are pervasive, vitamins appear a distinct potential to be instrumental in modern wound care (Sinno et al, 2011) Vitamin A is needed throughout healing; it facilitates the inflammatory response to granulation tissue formation and re-epithelialisation. Supplementation with vitamin A may reverse the deleterious effects of corticosteroids, diabetes and malignancy on wound healing, and patients with severe injuries and large pressure ulcers (Benbow, 2008). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble molecule that has three major roles pertaining to wound healing: promoting collagen synthesis, modulating immune function and collagen cross linkage vitamin B complex and copper as well. (Sinno et al, 2011). It also helps in the transfer of white blood cells to the wound, improves resistance to infection and increases capillary strength. Since vitamin C is water-soluble, it is difficult to store it in the body, so a regular intake is necessary and dietary sources are green vegetables, potatoes, fruits like orange, kiwi and berries. (Timms, 2011). Vitamin K facilitates blood clotting, and Vitamin E (tocopherols) is a major lipophilic antioxidant of the skin and enhances immune response (Gillman, 2008). Another nutritional supplementation with such positive effectors as arginine can enhance wound healing. Arginine stimulates insulin and growth hormone secretion, which are elated to wound healing (Sherman, 2011). Wound healing also demands high energy needs of the patient. An increase in metabolic need causes an increase in demand for glucose, which is the major fuel source for collagen synthesis and the most efficient source of fuel for adenosine triphosphate synthesis compared with fat (Timms, 2011). Protein has an important role in growth and repair of body tissue. It is required for inflammatory process, the immune system and development of granulation tissue. Requirements increase when extensive nitrogen losses can occur from draining wounds (Richardson, 2006). Insufficient energy intake causes fat and muscle wastage, because protein is broken down to produce glucose to provide the energy requirement. As a result, protein deficiency combined with loss of protein-rich exudates from wounds may lead to an extended inflammatory phase and hypoalbuminaemia and decrease fibroblast and collagen development, and it can also increase the risk of wound dehiscence and reducing the strength of scar tissue (Ripley, 2006). Throughout the proliferation and maturation phase, zinc is needed for collagen synthesis. This element is also required for the proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes and speed up the process of re-epithelialisation, while strengthening the wound. However, a study by Lim in 2004 found that high-dose zinc delayed healing due to increased zinc intake reducing copper absorption.